Language Samples, Sauk, Meskwaki, Miami, Lenni-Lenape, Shawnee
[2. Samples of Some American Indian Languages]
| Words | Language Samples of the Krick [Creek] or Musko[ghe] According to Smith Barton |
| [—] | [—] |
| Words | Language Samples of the Krick [Creek] or Musko[ghe] According to Smith Barton |
| [—] | [—] |
| Words | Language Samples of the Kaskaskia Indians |
| [—] | [—] |
Samples of the Saki (Sac/Sauk) Language
| Words | Saki/Sac [Sauk] | [Reise] | Modern Orthography |
| Arrow | Anó | Annó | anôni, “arrows” (perhaps used as a singular) |
| Beautiful | Uatchitá | Uatschitá | better: “splendid” rather than “beautiful”; wêchitawi, “it’s wonderful; great!” |
| Beaver | Amesk | Améhk | amehkwa |
| Black | Makåt΄ä | mahkatêha, “a black person”; mahkatê-, “black” (modifying a noun)] | |
| Bow | Matä | Matä | mehtêha |
| Buffalo | Nannosó | nenoswa | |
| Chief | Tapane-take (‘e’ hardly audible) | Tapáne-táke | têpênetaka, “he who owns or has control over it” (probably “governor”) |
| Child | Nännitschones (‘es’ stressed) | Nännitschonès | nenîchânesa (now nenîchânetha), “my child” |
| Day | [——] | ||
| Elk | Näschauah | Mäschauáh | meshêwêwa |
| Eye | Po-ké-kua | Skíschick | pôhkîkwêha, “One-Eye”; pôhkîkwâta, “person with only one eye”; shkîshekwi, “an eye” (Meskwaki) |
| Fire | Skotä or Shotäw (‘äw’ short, ‘w’ hardly audible) | Skotäw | shkotêwi |
| Foot | Nasset | nesitani, “my feet”; singular, nesichi (now obsolete) | |
| God (good spirit) | Baké-Manito | Bakéh-Mánito | pêhki-manetôwa, “Great Spirit” |
| Green | Skepok-kuaiuah | Skepok-kuaiuah or Skepoki΄ä | perhaps shkipakyâwani, “they (inanimate) are green” (or another word with shkipak-, “green”) |
| Hair | Minesai (‘ai’ together) | mînesani (now mînethani) | |
| Hand | Nanätsch (‘ch’ soft) | nenechi (obsolete as an independent word; now nenehki, “my hand”) | |
| Head | Utab | otepi | |
| Horse | Naketoosch-keschah | Naketóhsh-keschá (first ‘e’ and ‘ke’ short) | nêkatôshkashâha |
| House (hut) | Uïkiaab (‘uï’ short) | Uïkiahb | wîkiyâpi |
| Leg | Nekaat | Nekáht | nêkatôshkashâha |
| Horse | Naketoosch-keschah | Naketóhsh-keschá (first ‘e’ and ‘ke’ short) | nehkâtani, “my legs” (now “my feet”); singular, nehkâchi |
| Man | Nänni | neniwa | |
| Mirror | Hoapamuhn | Woapamúhn | wâpamôni |
| Mouth | Tätoon | Tätóhn | ketôni, “your mouth,” or netôni, “my mouth” |
| Night | Anaquick | anâkwike, “this evening (to come)” | |
| Nose | Mach-kiuonn | mehkiwani, “a nose” | |
| Otter | Kittäh | Kitt΄äh | ketatêwa (misrecorded? See the Meskwaki form) |
| Pipe | Poakan | ohpwâkana | |
| Red | Maschkue-wiauah | Máschkue-wıauáh | meshkwi-, “red” (modifying a noun) + ? |
| Spirit (bad) | Mdji-Mnitó | Mdjí-Mnitó (‘j’ French) or Mótschi-Mánito | machi-manetôwa, “evil spirit, Devil” |
| Sun | [——] | ||
| Tobacco | Saëmon (‘on’ as in French) | sêmâwa, recorded by Alanson Skinner as sama; see Meskwaki asêmâwa | |
| Tomahawk | Popokiä´ | “Real” tomahawk | papakyêhi, “hatchet” |
| Tomahawk | Papakehüit (‘hüit’ short) | Battle-ax | papakyêhiwita, “tomahawk” |
| Tomorrow | Uapåk | wâpake, “tomorrow” | |
| Turkey | Pänáh (first ‘a’ almost like ‘ä’) | penêwa | |
| Ugly | Mianåt | myânetwi, “it is bad” | |
| War | Nitscheschkuá | nîchîshkwêha, “my enemy” | |
| Warrior | Uätås亨 | wêtâsêwa: traditionally a warrior who had won certain war honors; now “war veteran” | |
| Water | Näpe (short, ‘e’ hardly audible, almost like ‘i’ or ‘ch’ in German) | Nä’pe | nepi |
| White | Uapeschekann | perhaps wâpeshkâwani, “they (inanimate) are white” | |
| Woman | Schaskesé (first ‘e’ short) | shêshkesîha (now shêshkethîha), “young (unmarried) woman” | |
| Wood | Massahan (‘h’ hardly audible) | mesêhani, “(pieces of ) firewood” | |
| Yellow | Ossuah | ΄Ossuah or Assáuah (‘aua’ separate) | osâwâwi, now athâwâwi, “it is yellow” |
Samples of the Muskoke (Fox) [Meskwaki] Language.
| Words | Muskoke (Fox) [Meskwaki] | [Reise] | Modern Orthography |
| Arm | Neneck | nenehki (now “my hand”; see “Hand”) | |
| Arrow | Onué | anwi (now “bullet”) | |
| Beard | Nemissetollakan (indistinct) | Nemisstóllakan | nemîsetonâkani, “my mustache or beard” |
| Beaver | Amachkua (‘kua’ short) | Amachkuá | amehkwa |
| Bell | Katuchtåkoªl | Katúchtåoal | ketohtâkani, “cowbell” |
| Belly | [——] | ||
| Black | Machkettauaw (‘a’ and ‘u’ separate) | mahkatêwâwi, “it is black” | |
| Bow | Matak (velar) | Matáck | apparently *mehtekwa, but since at least 1900, only the formal diminutive of this, mehtêha, “bow,” is used |
| Chief | Hokimaw (‘w’ soft) | okimâwa, “chief” | |
| Child | Apannó | apenôha | |
| Day | Kischek | anemwa (usually “sky”) | |
| Dog | Honémua (‘mua’ short and indistinct) | anemwa (now only as an insult or in names; cf. anemôha, “dog”) | |
| Earlobe | Okolamie (‘ie’ separate and hardly audible) | mahkatêwâwi, “it is black” | |
| Elk | Maschauawe (‘e’ short) | Maschauáwe | meshêwêwa |
| Eye | Naskisseko (“my eyes”) | Naskissako | neshkîshekôni, “my eyes” |
| Fire | Ascut΄ä | ashkotêwi | |
| Flesh | [——] | ||
| Foot | Nassöt | nesitani, “my feet” | |
| God | (good spirit) Kasché-Manité | keshê-manetôwa, “God” (usually the Christian god) | |
| Green | Askipokiaak | Askipokáhk | êshkipakyâki, “that (inanimate) which is green” |
| Hair | Minásse (‘e’ short) | mînesi, “a hair;” nînesani, “my hair (of the head)” | |
| Hair (ornament) | Kateüicunn red ([worn] on the head) | Kateüikúnn | nesitani, “my feet” |
| Hand | Nalake (‘e’ very short) | nenehki, “my hand”; the meaning “my arm (including the hand)” is obsolete | |
| Head | Uesche ([final] ‘e’ somewhat short) | Uësche | owîshi, “a head, his head” |
| Headbreaker | [——] | ||
| Headbreaker | Papakachkó (‘kach’ velar) (with an angle) | Pakakachkó (with the iron point) | papakehkôhi, “flat, gunstock warclub” |
| Heart | Net΄ä | netêhi, “my heart” | |
| Horse | Nákoto-kaschá | nêkatôkashêha (more commonly nêkatôshkashêha) | |
| Knee band | Kekekapiack (first ‘e’ short) | kahkikâpîhaki, “garters (for leggins)” | |
| Lance | Soªmåka | shamâkani, “spear, lance” | |
| Leg | Nakatsch (‘ch’) | Nakátsch | nehkâchi, “my leg” (now “my foot”) |
| Lance | Soªmåka | shamâkani, “spear, lance” | |
| Man | Niní | neniwa | |
| Mouth | Nattole (‘e’ hardly audible) | Nattóle | netôni, “my mouth” |
| Night | Pachkuttawe | Pachkuttáwe | pehkotêwi, “it is night” |
| Nose | Nakiuolle (‘e’ very short) | nehkiwani, “my nose” | |
| Otter | Cattatawe (‘w’ between ‘u’ and ‘w’, ‘e’ short) | ketatêwa | |
| Oxen (buffalo) | Nallusua | Moskutáck-Nallussuá | nenoswa, “buffalo” (now usually “cow”) |
| Red | Meschkuawe (‘e’ short) | Maskuáwe | meshkwâwi, “it is red” |
| Redhead | Mascatapate (‘e’ short) (name of General Clark) | Maskata-Pate | mêshkwâtepâta, “he who has a red head” |
| Shoe | Mochkassäºhän (short) | mahkesêhani, “moccasins” | |
| Spear | Achtauwall (‘a’ and ‘u’ separate) Achtauáll (‘ach’ guttural) | ahtawâni, “chief’s staff, lance” | |
| Spirit (bad) | Matsché-Manito (Mallato) | Matsché-Mánito | machi-manetôwa, “evil spirit, monster, the Devil” |
| Sun | Kisches | Kischés | kîsheswa |
| Sword-lance | Tauan (short) | Táüan ([lance] with sword blade) | ahtawâni (same as “spear,” see above) |
| Teeth | Nettone | Nettóne | netôni, “my mouth” |
| Tomahawk | Popokiä | papakyêhi, “hatchet” | |
| Tongue | Ninoní (indistinct) | Ninoni΄ | nînaniwi, “my tongue” |
| Turkey | Mässesá (‘ä’ short) | Mässesá or Messesá | meshisêwa, “prairie chicken” |
| Water | Napch (‘pch’ almost like ‘pich’ in German) | Nápch | nepi |
| White | Wápe (Wápe-Mallato, name of the Indian) | Wápe (Wápe-Mallato, the white devil; this was the name of the Indian who gave me this vocabulary) | wâpi, “white” (modifying a noun) |
| Woman | Ikuá | ihkwêwa | |
| Wood | Mattäque (‘a’ short, ‘que’ separate) | mehtekwi, “wood, tree” | |
| Yellow | Assåuake (‘e’ short) | êsâwâki, “that (inanimate) which is yellow” |
Smith Barton’s Word Samples of the Miami According to English Articulation
| Words | Miami |
| God | Monaitowa? |
| Father | Nonsah, Ochseemauh, Nochsau, Nosah, “my father” |
| Mother | Missah, Aukeemeemauh; Ningah, “my mother” |
| Son | Ninquislah, Nitshan, “my son” |
| Daughter | Neeshan, Nintana, “my daughter” |
| Brother | Sheemah |
| Husband | Weewahrah |
| Wife | Neeweewah, “my wife” |
| Maiden | Konesowah, “girl” |
| Boy | Queevistah |
| Child | Ahpeelustah, “small child” |
| Man | Ahlanuah |
| Head | Endeeahpukahnee |
| Nose | Keewahnee |
| Eye | Keeseequee |
| Ear | Nittahwahkee, Tauwaukee |
| Hair | Neereesah |
| Mouth | Endonee, Toneeh; also “lips” |
| Tooth | Neepeetah |
| Tongue | Neelahnee |
| Hand | Enahkee, Anàhkemeh |
| Belly | Mooyeeche |
| Foot | Neecathee, Kauteeh |
| Flesh | Lanapsoi, “beef”; Wee-ose-see, Wojuse |
| Heart | Entahhee, Atáhhemeh |
| Death | Nepua, “dead” |
| Cold | Neepanwayhirckee |
| Sun | Kilswoa (Kilswoa), Keelsoi, Keellisswoa |
| Moon | Keelsoi, Kilswoa, Peekontah-Keellisswoa |
| Star | Alanqua (Major Mentzees), Lanquakee; Alanquaké, “stars” (Major Mentzees) |
| Water | Nepee, Neepee |
| Fire | Kotaweh, Cootahwee, Ko-te-weeh |
| Wood | Tawwannee, Tauwaunee |
| Leaf | Mishsheepauquau |
| Mountain | Alcheewee |
| Hill | Eespauttenk (some North American [Indian] nations call the Alleghenies Paematineki) |
| River | Seepeewee, Sibiwai |
| Dog | Lamah, Aullamo |
| Bird | Auwessinsah |
| Bone | Kauneeh, Kana |
| Horn | Weeweelauh |
| House | Weekàmeeh (meeh) |
| Air | Awaunweeh, “air” or “fog” |
| White | Waupeekee |
| Black | Machkauteweekeeh |
| I | Nee, Neelah, Neelah |
| You (du) | Kila, Keelah |
| Child | Apelochsa |
| Blood | Peeteellonwoh |
| Snow | Mannatwoa |
| Day | Eefpetteh |
| Night | Pachkoantekeeh |
| Morning | Chaieepauweh |
| Evening | Allaqueekee |
| Summer | Neepeenweeh, Nipinwai |
| Winter | Peepoanweeh, Biponwai |
| Earth, land | Akeehkeewee, Aghithkeewee |
Some Word Samples of the Lenni-Lennappé [Lenni-Lenape] Language from the Often Cited Work New Views etc. by Smith Barton according to Zeisberger and Heckwelder (therefore [according to] German articulation)
| Words | Lenni-Lennappé [Lenni-Lenape] |
| God | Kitschi-Mannitto, Patamawos, Ketannotooweet |
| Sky | Awossagamme, Welanna-tooweenink; Hócque Vocabularium Barbaro-Virgineorum) |
| Father | Wetochemend; Nooch, “my father,” Gooch, “your (dein) [thy] father” |
| Mother | Sahowees, Anna, Aunnah; Anna, Kahaess (Vocab. Barb. Virgin.) |
| Son | ’Nquis; N’quess, “my son”; Quissall, “his son”; Quises (according to Loskiel) |
| Daughter | Wdan; N’daun, “my daughter”; Wdanall, “his daughter”; Daniss (according to Loskiel) |
| Brother | Nimat; Kimat, “your (dein) [thy] brother” |
| Sister | Cheesmus, Tauweema; Nochheesmus, “my sister” |
| Husband | Wechian, “your (dein) [thy] husband” |
| Wife | Wiwall, “his wife” |
| Maiden, girl | Kikochquees |
| Boy | Pilawetschitsh |
| Child | Nitsch, Nitschaan; Amemens, Ameemens |
| Man | Lenno |
| Head | Wihl, Wiquajek, (Weel) |
| Nose | Wikiwon, (Weekeewon) |
| Eye | Wuschginquall, “eyes” |
| Ear | Whittawak, “ears” |
| Forehead | Wochgalau |
| Hair | Milach |
| Mouth | Wdoon |
| Tooth | Wipit (Weepeet) |
| Tongue | Wilano (Weelanoo) |
| Beard | Wüttoney |
| Hand | Nachk, “my hand”; Woonochk |
| Belly | Wachtey; (Mootaih) |
| Foot | Neezeet, “my foot”; Nezeettal, “my feet” |
| Skin | Chey (Chey); Haes, Wachschákey |
| Flesh | Ojoos; (Weeyoos, Wijoos) |
| Blood | Moocum; (M’hook, M’huk) |
| Heart | Wdee; Ktee, Whutteeh-dee, “your (dein) [thy] heart” |
| Love | Ahoaltowoagan (Dauhoké) |
| Death | Angelloagan, Angellowoagan (Angeln “to die”) |
| Cold | Theu, Taeu, “cold weather” |
| Sun | Pischuch (Keefhooh) |
| Moon | Nipahum, Nipawi, Gischuch (Nepauee-Keeshooh) |
| Star | Alank; Allanquewak, Alankwewak (Alaunguese, Alaunguees), “stars” |
| Rain | Sokelaan, “it rains”; Sokoolaun |
| Snow | Puhn (Guhn); (Koon) |
| Ice | M’hooquaumee, M’hocquammi |
| Day | Gischgu (Gischgu); Keeshskoo |
| Night | Tpoku (Peeskéoh); Pieskeu, “dark” |
| Morning | Woapan; Aullapaueh |
| Evening | Wulacu, Woolaukoo |
| Summer | Nipen; (Neepun) |
| Winter | Lowan; (Loowon) |
| Earth, land | Hacki, “earth, soil, land.” This word occurs in some names that still exist now, such as Tulpahocking (the way it is called in Lancaster County [Pennsylvania]—it came from the Delaware). |
| Water | M’bi, Beh (the latter according to General Parsons). In Vocab. Barb. Virgin. (Been) |
| Fire | Tendeu, Tindey (Tindai); Taénda in Vocab. Bar. Virg.; Lúaeu, “is on fire” |
| Wood | Tachan; Tauhon |
| Leaf | Wunipak; Wunipachquall, “leaves”; Combachquall, “leaves of a tree” |
| Mountain | Wachtschu, Wauchchoo; Wachtschuwall, “mountains” |
| Hill | Wachtschuwi; Wachtschuwigeu, “hilly” |
| River | Sipo, Sipu, Seepo |
| Dog | Moëkanneu, Mékanne, Allum, Alloom, Moekanneh |
| Bird | Tscholens; Tscholensac, “birds” |
| Fish | Namees |
| Bread | Achpoan, Auchpoan, Pane (the latter in Vocab. Barb. Virgin.) |
| Bone | Wochgan, Wochkon |
| Horn | Shoomoo, Wschummo |
| House | Wik, Wiquoam, Weequaum |
| Air | Awonn, “fog” |
| Light | Woachejeek |
| White | Woapsu |
| Black | Suckeu |
| I | Ni, Nee |
| You (du) | Ki |
| There | Icka, Talli, Neetallee |
| No | Matta, Atta, Tagú |
| Life | Lehelleche-woagan |
Samples of Seventeen Indian Languages Excerpted from Smith Barton’s Work, New Views etc.
Here [are] Sample Words of the Shawnee or Shawanee Indians: Articulation
| Words | Shawnee or Shawanee |
| God | Manitoh, Wisi-Mannitto, Westhilliqua |
| Sky | Spimiki |
| Father | Newah, Nickee |
| Son | Nickethwah, Nequitha |
| Daughter | Nelonnetha |
| Brother | Negenena |
| Sister | Tolemah |
| Husband | Wessigee |
| Wife | Newah |
| Maiden | Sqauthautau (“girl”) |
| Boy | [——] |
| Child | Hippèlútha |
| Man | Illenni, Linnee, Ilenni, Linni |
| Head | Weelekeh; Weeseh, “his head” |
| Nose | Ochali |
| Eye | Skeesacoo, Skisseequa; Skesickqueh, “eyes” |
| Ear | Nitawaga, Towacah |
| Forehead | Neseeh |
| Hair | Neleethe |
| Mouth | [——] |
| Tooth | Nippigee; Nepittalleh, “teeth” |
| Tongue | [——] |
| Beard | Nitunia |
| Belly | Niligee |
| Hair | [——] |
| Foot | [——] |
| Skin | Thia |
| Flesh | Wiothe; Wiauthee (Wijothi, “meat for eating”) |
| Blood | Misqueh, Musqui |
| Heart | Oteehe?; Otaheh, “his heart” |
| Love | [——] |
| Life | Wàbansee |
| Death | Nippigee, Nip, “to die, I die” |
| Cold | Weppee, Wepi |
| Sun | Kesaughswoh, Kiscachthwa, Kisathwa |
| Moon | Tepechki Kischachthwah, Nipia-Kisathwa |
| Star | Alaqua; Alaquagi, “stars” |
| Rain | Kemewane |
| Snow | Weneeh, Coóne |
| Ice | Coone |
| Day | Kissiqua |
| Night | Tepechke |
| Morning | Wappaneh |
| Evening | Oliguitheki |
| Summer | Nipennoo, Nepeneh |
| Winter | Pepoon-nunkee, Peponeh |
| Earth, land | Assiskee |
| Water | Nepee, Nippee, Nippi, Nippeh, Nippa |
| Fire | Skutteh, Skutteh, Skutte |
| Wood | Meh-teh-kee, Ottechqua, Meticqueh |
| Leaf | [——] |
| Mountain | Missiwagewee |
| Hill | [——] |
| River | Thepee, Thipi |
| Dog | Wissi, Weeseh, (Weeseh) |
| Bird | [——] |
| Fish | [——] |
| Bread | Tuckhaan, Tuckhan, Taumi |
| Bone | Ochkunne |
| Horn | [——] |
| House | Wiggewoam |
| Air | [——] |
| Light | Woththea |
| White | Opee |
| Black | Mukkoote (Mukkoote) |
| I | Nelah |
| You (du) | Kelah |
| There | Alico weechi |
| No | [——] |